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November 22, 2004

選ぶ音楽3 －黒人音楽の神話批評－

ジャンルという分け方が、例えば一人のアーティストが様々な音楽を作っている場合に、リスナーがそれらの作品を結びつけて鑑賞する事を難しくしている。それから、今年はアンビエント、来年はロックバンドのプロデュースといった活動をしているBrian Enoの様な人の場合には、作品がジャンルやプロデュースしたバンド毎にバラバラに陳列されてしまうので、彼個人の作風の移り変わりを追いにくくしているという事も、前回は話した。

しかし、ジャンルが隠してしまうのはこのような様式同士の関係性だけではない。各ジャンルはバラバラに語られ、それぞれの起源と思われている物語が誇張される。ますますリスナーの視野を狭め、他のスタイルに対しても排他的にさせやすい。解りやすい例で言えば黒人音楽にまつわる数々の神話。ブルースやソウル、ヒップホップ等には特有のリズムや節回しがあって、黒人の貧しさ、彼らの社会的な闘争の手段や象徴と考えられ、ドラッグの密売買で捕まるようなミュージシャン達の行動があたかもクールな話として採り上げられる。

ここには他の様式との有機的な連関の視点が欠けているし、不用意に犯罪や人種間の対立を煽る仕掛けにもなっている。例えばブルースやジャズにはアフリカ音楽に特徴的な複雑なシンコペーションがあり、ブルースケールと呼ばれる独特な音階を用いたりもするが、実はそれらは西洋の記譜法を通じて広く理解されてきた。きわめて黒人的と言われるブルースやソウルにおいてさえ、アフリカ音楽には無いバー（小節線）や和声の理論と混在している。ジャズに至ってはこの事がますます顕著で、優れたジャズマンの大半が、ジュリアードやバークレーを始めとする音楽大学で、西欧の伝統音楽に基づく理論や奏法のプラクティス（＝慣習）を叩き込まれている。

ここで気が付くことは、これらが単純に白人のものでも黒人のものでもなく、フュージョンの状態にある事だ。それは西洋の近代音楽でもアフリカの民族音楽でもなく、まさにアメリカに日々暮らす人々の唄、アメリカーナと言うべきものだろう。同様の事はジョビンのボサノバやピアソラのタンゴにも言える。ブラジルに在来のサンバやショーロとドビュッシーやショパンといった西洋音楽の出会いとしてのブラジリア。同じようにピアソラもパリで学び、アルゼンチンとのフュージョン、現代に暮らす人々のタンゴを奏でた。

このように、それぞれのジャンルが互いにどういう関係の中にあるのか、ミュージシャン達が誰の音楽を模倣してきたのか、すこし調べながら鑑賞してみると、聞きなれたスタンダードも違った意味合いを帯びて聞こえるかもしれない。

Copyright © 2004, Ko Yoshimura. All rights reserved.

【参考ディスク】　

1.Kind of Blue

『Blue in Green』試聴はこちら(Real Player)

いわゆるモードジャズを提唱した作品。Gil / Bill Evansらの現代和声の核心を得たモード（＝旋法）の解釈と、マイルス、コルトレーン等による名演。

2.Antonio Brasilero

『Chora Coração』試聴はこちら(準備中)

GetzやGilbertoの流暢な演奏も好まれているが、ポリリズミックなアレンジがジョビン本人のとつとつとした声やピアノで奏でられている。

Posted by muzseek at November 22, 2004 02:35 AM

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